Deployment & h2c

After building a Connect API, you still need to deploy it to production. This guide covers how to configure timeouts, observability, HTTP/2 without TLS and CORS.

Timeouts and connection pools

Connect stays close to net/http, so you should configure your servers and clients as you normally would. (If you're not sure what all the different timeouts mean, this Cloudflare blog post is a good place to start.) There are a few RPC-specific nuances, though:

• RPC clients tend to make many requests to relatively few hosts. On your HTTP client, you may want to increase Transport.MaxIdleConnsPerHost.
• Most RPC servers don't use HTTP redirects, so you may want to configure your clients to never follow them:

  client := &http.Client{
    CheckRedirect: func(_ *http.Request, _ []*http.Request) error {
      return http.ErrUseLastResponse
    }
  }

• Connect always sets the Accept-Encoding HTTP header, so the client's Transport.DisableCompression has no effect on Connect RPCs.
• Timeouts for streaming RPCs apply to the whole message exchange. Servers must strike a balance between keeping timeouts reasonable for unary RPCs while still leaving enough time for streaming RPCs. Clients can use a compromise configuration or use separate HTTP clients for streaming and unary calls.

Especially if you're setting long server timeouts to accommodate streaming RPCs, remember that under the hood net/http implements timeouts by calling SetDeadline on a net.Conn. We'd really like something like an idle timeout instead: "if no data is sent or received for N ms, close this connection." Sadly, this API doesn't exist — and without it, any read or write can block until the whole stream times out. This opens all net/http servers up to abuse by clients who open a stream and don't send any data, but the problem is magnified with long timeouts. You may want to keep timeouts short and avoid streaming RPCs if your API is exposed to untrusted clients. For more detail, see this Go issue.

Also, if your http.Server has the ReadTimeout or WriteTimeout field configured, it applies to the entire operation duration, even for streaming calls. See the FAQ for more information.

Observability

Because Connect stays close to net/http, any logging, tracing, or metrics that work with an http.Handler or http.Client also work with Connect. In particular, the otelhttp OpenTelemetry package and the ochttp OpenCensus package both work seamlessly with Connect servers and clients.

HTTP/2 without TLS

In many environments, you'll need to use the HTTP/2 protocol without TLS, usually called h2c. For example, GCP's Cloud Run service only supports end-to-end HTTP/2 if your server supports h2c. Similarly, you may want to interoperate with grpc-go servers and clients using h2c (via the insecure package). Because net/http doesn't expose configuration knobs for h2c directly, Connect servers and clients must use golang.org/x/net/http2.

You can add h2c support to any http.Handler by wrapping it in h2c.NewHandler. You'll typically do this when creating your server:

package main

import (
  "net/http"

  "golang.org/x/net/http2"
  "golang.org/x/net/http2/h2c"
)

func main() {
  mux := http.NewServeMux()
  // Mount some handlers here.
  server := &http.Server{
    Addr: ":http",
    Handler: h2c.NewHandler(mux, &http2.Server{}),
    // Don't forget timeouts!
  }
}

Configuring your clients to use h2c is only a bit more complex:

package main

import (
  "crypto/tls"
  "net"
  "net/http"

  "golang.org/x/net/http2"
)

func newInsecureClient() *http.Client {
  return &http.Client{
    Transport: &http2.Transport{
      AllowHTTP: true,
      DialTLS: func(network, addr string, _ *tls.Config) (net.Conn, error) {
        // If you're also using this client for non-h2c traffic, you may want
        // to delegate to tls.Dial if the network isn't TCP or the addr isn't
        // in an allowlist.
        return net.Dial(network, addr)
      },
      // Don't forget timeouts!
    },
  }
}

CORS

Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) is needed to support web clients on other origins other than the server's own. In Go, servers may configure CORS by using any popular third-party library or by writing a small net/http middleware to handle OPTIONS requests. In either case, the connectrpc.com/cors package provides some useful helper functions.

The following example shows how to add CORS support to a Connect handler with the github.com/rs/cors package:

import (
	"net/http"

	connectcors "connectrpc.com/cors"
	"github.com/rs/cors"
)

// withCORS adds CORS support to a Connect HTTP handler.
func withCORS(h http.Handler) http.Handler {
	middleware := cors.New(cors.Options{
		AllowedOrigins: []string{"example.com"},
		AllowedMethods: connectcors.AllowedMethods(),
		AllowedHeaders: connectcors.AllowedHeaders(),
		ExposedHeaders: connectcors.ExposedHeaders(),
	})
	return middleware.Handler(h)
}

Make sure to include application-specific request headers in the allowed headers, and response headers in the exposed headers. If your application uses trailers, they will be sent as header fields with a Trailer- prefix for unary Connect RPCs.